#include "board.h" #include "mw.h" // March 2012 V2.0 #define CHECKBOXITEMS 11 #define PIDITEMS 8 int16_t debug1, debug2, debug3, debug4; uint8_t buzzerState = 0; uint32_t currentTime = 0; uint32_t previousTime = 0; uint16_t cycleTime = 0; // this is the number in micro second to achieve a full loop, it can differ a little and is taken into account in the PID loop uint8_t GPSModeHome = 0; // if GPS RTH is activated uint8_t GPSModeHold = 0; // if GPS PH is activated uint8_t headFreeMode = 0; // if head free mode is a activated uint8_t passThruMode = 0; // if passthrough mode is activated int16_t headFreeModeHold; int16_t annex650_overrun_count = 0; uint8_t armed = 0; uint8_t vbat; // battery voltage in 0.1V steps volatile int16_t failsafeCnt = 0; int16_t failsafeEvents = 0; int16_t rcData[8] = { 1500, 1500, 1500, 1500, 1500, 1500, 1500, 1500 }; // interval [1000;2000] int16_t rcCommand[4]; // interval [1000;2000] for THROTTLE and [-500;+500] for ROLL/PITCH/YAW int16_t lookupRX[7]; // lookup table for expo & RC rate rcReadRawDataPtr rcReadRawFunc = NULL; // receive data from default (pwm/ppm) or additional (spek/sbus/?? receiver drivers) uint8_t dynP8[3], dynI8[3], dynD8[3]; uint8_t rcOptions[CHECKBOXITEMS]; uint8_t okToArm = 0; uint8_t accMode = 0; // if level mode is a activated uint8_t magMode = 0; // if compass heading hold is a activated uint8_t baroMode = 0; // if altitude hold is activated int16_t axisPID[3]; // ********************** // GPS // ********************** int32_t GPS_latitude, GPS_longitude; int32_t GPS_latitude_home, GPS_longitude_home; int32_t GPS_latitude_hold, GPS_longitude_hold; uint8_t GPS_fix, GPS_fix_home = 0; uint8_t GPS_numSat; uint16_t GPS_distanceToHome; // in meters int16_t GPS_directionToHome = 0; // in degrees uint16_t GPS_distanceToHome, GPS_distanceToHold; // distance to home or hold point in meters int16_t GPS_directionToHome, GPS_directionToHold; // direction to home or hol point in degrees uint16_t GPS_altitude, GPS_speed; // altitude in 0.1m and speed in 0.1m/s - Added by Mis uint8_t GPS_update = 0; // it's a binary toogle to distinct a GPS position update int16_t GPS_angle[2]; // it's the angles that must be applied for GPS correction //Automatic ACC Offset Calibration // ********************** uint16_t InflightcalibratingA = 0; int16_t AccInflightCalibrationArmed; uint16_t AccInflightCalibrationMeasurementDone = 0; uint16_t AccInflightCalibrationSavetoEEProm = 0; uint16_t AccInflightCalibrationActive = 0; // ********************** // power meter // ********************** #define PMOTOR_SUM 8 // index into pMeter[] for sum uint32_t pMeter[PMOTOR_SUM + 1]; // we use [0:7] for eight motors,one extra for sum uint8_t pMeterV; // dummy to satisfy the paramStruct logic in ConfigurationLoop() uint32_t pAlarm; // we scale the eeprom value from [0:255] to this value we can directly compare to the sum in pMeter[6] uint16_t powerValue = 0; // last known current uint16_t intPowerMeterSum, intPowerTrigger1; uint8_t batteryCellCount = 3; // cell count uint16_t batteryWarningVoltage; // annoying buzzer after this one, battery ready to be dead void blinkLED(uint8_t num, uint8_t wait, uint8_t repeat) { uint8_t i, r; for (r = 0; r < repeat; r++) { for (i = 0; i < num; i++) { LED0_TOGGLE; // switch LEDPIN state BEEP_ON; delay(wait); BEEP_OFF; } delay(60); } } // this code is executed at each loop and won't interfere with control loop if it lasts less than 650 microseconds void annexCode(void) { static uint32_t buzzerTime, calibratedAccTime; #if defined(LCD_TELEMETRY) static uint16_t telemetryTimer = 0, telemetryAutoTimer = 0, psensorTimer = 0; #endif #if defined(LCD_TELEMETRY) static uint8_t telemetryAutoIndex = 0; static char telemetryAutoSequence[] = LCD_TELEMETRY_AUTO; #endif static uint8_t vbatTimer = 0; static uint8_t buzzerFreq; //delay between buzzer ring uint8_t axis, prop1, prop2; #if defined(POWERMETER_HARD) uint16_t pMeterRaw; //used for current reading #endif static uint8_t ind = 0; uint16_t vbatRaw = 0; static uint16_t vbatRawArray[8]; uint8_t i; // PITCH & ROLL only dynamic PID adjustemnt, depending on throttle value if (rcData[THROTTLE] < 1500) { prop2 = 100; } else if (rcData[THROTTLE] < 2000) { prop2 = 100 - (uint16_t) cfg.dynThrPID * (rcData[THROTTLE] - 1500) / 500; } else { prop2 = 100 - cfg.dynThrPID; } for (axis = 0; axis < 3; axis++) { uint16_t tmp = min(abs(rcData[axis] - cfg.midrc), 500); if (cfg.deadband > 0) { if (tmp > cfg.deadband) { tmp -= cfg.deadband; } else { tmp = 0; } } if (axis != 2) { //ROLL & PITCH uint16_t tmp2 = tmp / 100; rcCommand[axis] = lookupRX[tmp2] + (tmp - tmp2 * 100) * (lookupRX[tmp2 + 1] - lookupRX[tmp2]) / 100; prop1 = 100 - (uint16_t) cfg.rollPitchRate * tmp / 500; prop1 = (uint16_t)prop1 * prop2 / 100; } else { //YAW rcCommand[axis] = tmp; prop1 = 100 - (uint16_t)cfg.yawRate * tmp / 500; } dynP8[axis] = (uint16_t)cfg.P8[axis] * prop1 / 100; dynD8[axis] = (uint16_t)cfg.D8[axis] * prop1 / 100; if (rcData[axis] < cfg.midrc) rcCommand[axis] = -rcCommand[axis]; } rcCommand[THROTTLE] = cfg.minthrottle + (int32_t)(cfg.maxthrottle - cfg.minthrottle) * (rcData[THROTTLE] - cfg.mincheck) / (2000 - cfg.mincheck); if (headFreeMode) { float radDiff = (heading - headFreeModeHold) * M_PI / 180.0f; float cosDiff = cosf(radDiff); float sinDiff = sinf(radDiff); int16_t rcCommand_PITCH = rcCommand[PITCH] * cosDiff + rcCommand[ROLL] * sinDiff; rcCommand[ROLL] = rcCommand[ROLL] * cosDiff - rcCommand[PITCH] * sinDiff; rcCommand[PITCH] = rcCommand_PITCH; } #if defined(POWERMETER_HARD) if (!(++psensorTimer % PSENSORFREQ)) { pMeterRaw = analogRead(PSENSORPIN); powerValue = (PSENSORNULL > pMeterRaw ? PSENSORNULL - pMeterRaw : pMeterRaw - PSENSORNULL); // do not use abs(), it would induce implicit cast to uint and overrun if (powerValue < 333) { // only accept reasonable values. 333 is empirical #ifdef LOG_VALUES if (powerValue > powerMax) powerMax = powerValue; #endif } else { powerValue = 333; } pMeter[PMOTOR_SUM] += (uint32_t) powerValue; } #endif if (feature(FEATURE_VBAT)) { if (!(++vbatTimer % VBATFREQ)) { vbatRawArray[(ind++) % 8] = adcGetBattery(); for (i = 0; i < 8; i++) vbatRaw += vbatRawArray[i]; vbat = batteryAdcToVoltage(vbatRaw / 8); } if (rcOptions[BOXBEEPERON]) { // unconditional beeper on via AUXn switch buzzerFreq = 7; } else if (((vbat > batteryWarningVoltage) #if defined(POWERMETER) && ((pMeter[PMOTOR_SUM] < pAlarm) || (pAlarm == 0)) #endif ) || (vbat < cfg.vbatmincellvoltage)) { //VBAT ok AND powermeter ok, buzzer off buzzerFreq = 0; buzzerState = 0; BEEP_OFF; #if defined(POWERMETER) } else if (pMeter[PMOTOR_SUM] > pAlarm) { // sound alarm for powermeter buzzerFreq = 4; #endif } else buzzerFreq = 4; // low battery if (buzzerFreq) { if (buzzerState && (currentTime > buzzerTime + 250000)) { buzzerState = 0; BEEP_OFF; buzzerTime = currentTime; } else if (!buzzerState && (currentTime > (buzzerTime + (2000000 >> buzzerFreq)))) { buzzerState = 1; BEEP_ON; buzzerTime = currentTime; } } } if ((calibratingA > 0 && sensors(SENSOR_ACC)) || (calibratingG > 0)) { // Calibration phasis LED0_TOGGLE; } else { if (calibratedACC == 1) { LED0_OFF; } if (armed) { LED0_ON; } } if (feature(FEATURE_LED_RING)) { static uint32_t LEDTime; if (currentTime > LEDTime) { LEDTime = currentTime + 50000; ledringState(); } } if (currentTime > calibratedAccTime) { if (smallAngle25 == 0) { calibratedACC = 0; //the multi uses ACC and is not calibrated or is too much inclinated LED0_TOGGLE; calibratedAccTime = currentTime + 500000; } else calibratedACC = 1; } serialCom(); #if defined(POWERMETER) intPowerMeterSum = (pMeter[PMOTOR_SUM] / PLEVELDIV); intPowerTrigger1 = cfg.powerTrigger1 * PLEVELSCALE; #endif #ifdef LCD_TELEMETRY_AUTO if ((telemetry_auto) && (!(++telemetryAutoTimer % LCD_TELEMETRY_AUTO_FREQ))) { telemetry = telemetryAutoSequence[++telemetryAutoIndex % strlen(telemetryAutoSequence)]; LCDclear(); // make sure to clear away remnants } #endif #ifdef LCD_TELEMETRY if (!(++telemetryTimer % LCD_TELEMETRY_FREQ)) { #if (LCD_TELEMETRY_DEBUG+0 > 0) telemetry = LCD_TELEMETRY_DEBUG; #endif if (telemetry) lcd_telemetry(); } #endif if (sensors(SENSOR_GPS)) { static uint32_t GPSLEDTime; if (currentTime > GPSLEDTime && (GPS_fix_home == 1)) { GPSLEDTime = currentTime + 150000; LED1_TOGGLE; } } } uint16_t pwmReadRawRC(uint8_t chan) { uint16_t data; failsafeCnt = 0; data = pwmRead(cfg.rcmap[chan]); if (data < 750 || data > 2250) data = 1500; return data; } void computeRC(void) { static int16_t rcData4Values[8][4], rcDataMean[8]; static uint8_t rc4ValuesIndex = 0; uint8_t chan, a; rc4ValuesIndex++; for (chan = 0; chan < 8; chan++) { rcData4Values[chan][rc4ValuesIndex % 4] = rcReadRawFunc(chan); rcDataMean[chan] = 0; for (a = 0; a < 4; a++) rcDataMean[chan] += rcData4Values[chan][a]; rcDataMean[chan] = (rcDataMean[chan] + 2) / 4; if (rcDataMean[chan] < rcData[chan] - 3) rcData[chan] = rcDataMean[chan] + 2; if (rcDataMean[chan] > rcData[chan] + 3) rcData[chan] = rcDataMean[chan] - 2; } } void loop(void) { static uint8_t rcDelayCommand; // this indicates the number of time (multiple of RC measurement at 50Hz) the sticks must be maintained to run or switch off motors uint8_t axis, i; int16_t error, errorAngle; int16_t delta, deltaSum; int16_t PTerm, ITerm, DTerm; static int16_t lastGyro[3] = { 0, 0, 0 }; static int16_t delta1[3], delta2[3]; static int16_t errorGyroI[3] = { 0, 0, 0 }; static int16_t errorAngleI[2] = { 0, 0 }; static uint32_t rcTime = 0; static int16_t initialThrottleHold; // this will return false if spektrum is disabled. shrug. if (spektrumFrameComplete()) computeRC(); if (currentTime > rcTime) { // 50Hz rcTime = currentTime + 20000; // TODO clean this up. computeRC should handle this check if (!feature(FEATURE_SPEKTRUM)) computeRC(); // Failsafe routine - added by MIS #if defined(FAILSAFE) if (failsafeCnt > (5 * FAILSAVE_DELAY) && armed == 1) { // Stabilize, and set Throttle to specified level for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) rcData[i] = MIDRC; // after specified guard time after RC signal is lost (in 0.1sec) rcData[THROTTLE] = FAILSAVE_THR0TTLE; if (failsafeCnt > 5 * (FAILSAVE_DELAY + FAILSAVE_OFF_DELAY)) { // Turn OFF motors after specified Time (in 0.1sec) armed = 0; //This will prevent the copter to automatically rearm if failsafe shuts it down and prevents okToArm = 0; //to restart accidentely by just reconnect to the tx - you will have to switch off first to rearm } failsafeEvents++; } failsafeCnt++; #endif // end of failsave routine - next change is made with RcOptions setting if (rcData[THROTTLE] < cfg.mincheck) { errorGyroI[ROLL] = 0; errorGyroI[PITCH] = 0; errorGyroI[YAW] = 0; errorAngleI[ROLL] = 0; errorAngleI[PITCH] = 0; rcDelayCommand++; if (rcData[YAW] < cfg.mincheck && rcData[PITCH] < cfg.mincheck && armed == 0) { if (rcDelayCommand == 20) calibratingG = 400; } else if (rcData[YAW] > cfg.maxcheck && rcData[PITCH] > cfg.maxcheck && armed == 0) { if (rcDelayCommand == 20) { if (cfg.mixerConfiguration == MULTITYPE_TRI) { servo[5] = 1500; // we center the yaw servo in conf mode writeServos(); } else if (cfg.mixerConfiguration == MULTITYPE_FLYING_WING) { servo[0] = cfg.wing_left_mid; servo[1] = cfg.wing_right_mid; writeServos(); } #if defined(LCD_CONF) configurationLoop(); //beginning LCD configuration #endif previousTime = micros(); } } else if (feature(FEATURE_INFLIGHT_ACC_CAL) && (armed == 0 && rcData[YAW] < cfg.mincheck && rcData[PITCH] > cfg.maxcheck && rcData[ROLL] > cfg.maxcheck)) { if (rcDelayCommand == 20) { if (AccInflightCalibrationMeasurementDone) { // trigger saving into eeprom after landing AccInflightCalibrationMeasurementDone = 0; AccInflightCalibrationSavetoEEProm = 1; } else { AccInflightCalibrationArmed = !AccInflightCalibrationArmed; if (AccInflightCalibrationArmed) { blinkLED(10, 1, 2); } else { blinkLED(10, 10, 3); } } } } else if ((cfg.activate1[BOXARM] > 0) || (cfg.activate2[BOXARM] > 0)) { if (rcOptions[BOXARM] && okToArm) { armed = 1; headFreeModeHold = heading; } else if (armed) armed = 0; rcDelayCommand = 0; } else if ((rcData[YAW] < cfg.mincheck || rcData[ROLL] < cfg.mincheck) && armed == 1) { if (rcDelayCommand == 20) armed = 0; // rcDelayCommand = 20 => 20x20ms = 0.4s = time to wait for a specific RC command to be acknowledged } else if ((rcData[YAW] > cfg.maxcheck || rcData[ROLL] > cfg.maxcheck) && rcData[PITCH] < cfg.maxcheck && armed == 0 && calibratingG == 0 && calibratedACC == 1) { if (rcDelayCommand == 20) { armed = 1; headFreeModeHold = heading; } #ifdef LCD_TELEMETRY_AUTO } else if (rcData[ROLL] < cfg.mincheck && rcData[PITCH] > cfg.maxcheck && armed == 0) { if (rcDelayCommand == 20) { if (telemetry_auto) { telemetry_auto = 0; telemetry = 0; } else telemetry_auto = 1; } #endif } else rcDelayCommand = 0; } else if (rcData[THROTTLE] > cfg.maxcheck && armed == 0) { if (rcData[YAW] < cfg.mincheck && rcData[PITCH] < cfg.mincheck) { // throttle=max, yaw=left, pitch=min if (rcDelayCommand == 20) calibratingA = 400; rcDelayCommand++; } else if (rcData[YAW] > cfg.maxcheck && rcData[PITCH] < cfg.mincheck) { // throttle=max, yaw=right, pitch=min if (rcDelayCommand == 20) calibratingM = 1; // MAG calibration request rcDelayCommand++; } else if (rcData[PITCH] > cfg.maxcheck) { cfg.accTrim[PITCH] += 2; writeParams(); if (feature(FEATURE_LED_RING)) ledringBlink(); } else if (rcData[PITCH] < cfg.mincheck) { cfg.accTrim[PITCH] -= 2; writeParams(); if (feature(FEATURE_LED_RING)) ledringBlink(); } else if (rcData[ROLL] > cfg.maxcheck) { cfg.accTrim[ROLL] += 2; writeParams(); if (feature(FEATURE_LED_RING)) ledringBlink(); } else if (rcData[ROLL] < cfg.mincheck) { cfg.accTrim[ROLL] -= 2; writeParams(); if (feature(FEATURE_LED_RING)) ledringBlink(); } else { rcDelayCommand = 0; } } #ifdef LOG_VALUES if (cycleTime > cycleTimeMax) cycleTimeMax = cycleTime; // remember highscore if (cycleTime < cycleTimeMin) cycleTimeMin = cycleTime; // remember lowscore #endif if (feature(FEATURE_INFLIGHT_ACC_CAL)) { if (AccInflightCalibrationArmed && armed == 1 && rcData[THROTTLE] > cfg.mincheck && !rcOptions[BOXARM]) { // Copter is airborne and you are turning it off via boxarm : start measurement InflightcalibratingA = 50; AccInflightCalibrationArmed = 0; } if (rcOptions[BOXPASSTHRU]) { // Use the Passthru Option to activate : Passthru = TRUE Meausrement started, Land and passtrhu = 0 measurement stored if (!AccInflightCalibrationArmed) { AccInflightCalibrationArmed = 1; InflightcalibratingA = 50; } } else if (AccInflightCalibrationMeasurementDone && armed == 0) { AccInflightCalibrationArmed = 0; AccInflightCalibrationMeasurementDone = 0; AccInflightCalibrationSavetoEEProm = 1; } } for (i = 0; i < CHECKBOXITEMS; i++) { rcOptions[i] = (((rcData[AUX1] < 1300) | (1300 < rcData[AUX1] && rcData[AUX1] < 1700) << 1 | (rcData[AUX1] > 1700) << 2 | (rcData[AUX2] < 1300) << 3 | (1300 < rcData[AUX2] && rcData[AUX2] < 1700) << 4 | (rcData[AUX2] > 1700) << 5) & cfg.activate1[i]) || (((rcData[AUX3] < 1300) | (1300 < rcData[AUX3] && rcData[AUX3] < 1700) << 1 | (rcData[AUX3] > 1700) << 2 | (rcData[AUX4] < 1300) << 3 | (1300 < rcData[AUX4] && rcData[AUX4] < 1700) << 4 | (rcData[AUX4] > 1700) << 5) & cfg.activate2[i]); } // note: if FAILSAFE is disable, failsafeCnt > 5*FAILSAVE_DELAY is always false if ((rcOptions[BOXACC] || (failsafeCnt > 5 * FAILSAVE_DELAY)) && (sensors(SENSOR_ACC))) { // bumpless transfer to Level mode if (!accMode) { errorAngleI[ROLL] = 0; errorAngleI[PITCH] = 0; accMode = 1; } } else accMode = 0; // modified by MIS for failsave support if ((rcOptions[BOXARM]) == 0) okToArm = 1; if (accMode == 1) { LED1_ON; } else { LED1_OFF; } if (sensors(SENSOR_BARO)) { if (rcOptions[BOXBARO]) { if (baroMode == 0) { baroMode = 1; AltHold = EstAlt; initialThrottleHold = rcCommand[THROTTLE]; errorAltitudeI = 0; BaroPID = 0; } } else baroMode = 0; } if (sensors(SENSOR_MAG)) { if (rcOptions[BOXMAG]) { if (magMode == 0) { magMode = 1; magHold = heading; } } else magMode = 0; if (rcOptions[BOXHEADFREE]) { if (headFreeMode == 0) { headFreeMode = 1; } } else headFreeMode = 0; } if (sensors(SENSOR_GPS)) { if (rcOptions[BOXGPSHOME]) { GPSModeHome = 1; } else GPSModeHome = 0; if (rcOptions[BOXGPSHOLD]) { if (GPSModeHold == 0) { GPSModeHold = 1; GPS_latitude_hold = GPS_latitude; GPS_longitude_hold = GPS_longitude; } } else { GPSModeHold = 0; } } if (rcOptions[BOXPASSTHRU]) { passThruMode = 1; } else passThruMode = 0; } else { // not in rc loop static int8_t taskOrder = 0; // never call all function in the same loop, to avoid high delay spikes switch (taskOrder) { case 0: taskOrder++; if (sensors(SENSOR_MAG)) Mag_getADC(); break; case 1: taskOrder++; if (sensors(SENSOR_BARO)) Baro_update(); break; case 2: taskOrder++; if (sensors(SENSOR_BARO)) getEstimatedAltitude(); break; case 3: taskOrder++; #if 0 // GPS - not used as we read gps data in interrupt mode GPS_NewData(); #endif break; default: taskOrder = 0; break; } } computeIMU(); // Measure loop rate just afer reading the sensors currentTime = micros(); cycleTime = currentTime - previousTime; previousTime = currentTime; mpu6050DmpLoop(); if (sensors(SENSOR_MAG)) { if (abs(rcCommand[YAW]) < 70 && magMode) { int16_t dif = heading - magHold; if (dif <= -180) dif += 360; if (dif >= +180) dif -= 360; if (smallAngle25) rcCommand[YAW] -= dif * cfg.P8[PIDMAG] / 30; // 18 deg } else magHold = heading; } if (sensors(SENSOR_BARO)) { if (baroMode) { if (abs(rcCommand[THROTTLE] - initialThrottleHold) > 20) { baroMode = 0; // so that a new althold reference is defined } rcCommand[THROTTLE] = initialThrottleHold + BaroPID; } } if (sensors(SENSOR_GPS)) { uint16_t GPS_dist = 0; int16_t GPS_dir = 0; if ((GPSModeHome == 0 && GPSModeHold == 0) || (GPS_fix_home == 0)) { GPS_angle[ROLL] = 0; GPS_angle[PITCH] = 0; } else { float radDiff; if (GPSModeHome == 1) { GPS_dist = GPS_distanceToHome; GPS_dir = GPS_directionToHome; } if (GPSModeHold == 1) { GPS_dist = GPS_distanceToHold; GPS_dir = GPS_directionToHold; } radDiff = (GPS_dir - heading) * M_PI / 180.0f; GPS_angle[ROLL] = constrain(cfg.P8[PIDGPS] * sinf(radDiff) * GPS_dist / 10, -cfg.D8[PIDGPS] * 10, +cfg.D8[PIDGPS] * 10); // with P=5.0, a distance of 1 meter = 0.5deg inclination GPS_angle[PITCH] = constrain(cfg.P8[PIDGPS] * cosf(radDiff) * GPS_dist / 10, -cfg.D8[PIDGPS] * 10, +cfg.D8[PIDGPS] * 10); // max inclination = D deg } } // **** PITCH & ROLL & YAW PID **** for (axis = 0; axis < 3; axis++) { if (accMode == 1 && axis < 2) { // LEVEL MODE // 50 degrees max inclination errorAngle = constrain(2 * rcCommand[axis] - GPS_angle[axis], -500, +500) - angle[axis] + cfg.accTrim[axis]; //16 bits is ok here #ifdef LEVEL_PDF PTerm = -(int32_t)angle[axis] * cfg.P8[PIDLEVEL] / 100; #else PTerm = (int32_t)errorAngle * cfg.P8[PIDLEVEL] / 100; //32 bits is needed for calculation: errorAngle*P8[PIDLEVEL] could exceed 32768 16 bits is ok for result #endif PTerm = constrain(PTerm, -cfg.D8[PIDLEVEL] * 5, +cfg.D8[PIDLEVEL] * 5); errorAngleI[axis] = constrain(errorAngleI[axis] + errorAngle, -10000, +10000); // WindUp // 16 bits is ok here ITerm = ((int32_t)errorAngleI[axis] * cfg.I8[PIDLEVEL]) >> 12; // 32 bits is needed for calculation:10000*I8 could exceed 32768 16 bits is ok for result } else { // ACRO MODE or YAW axis error = (int32_t)rcCommand[axis] * 10 * 8 / cfg.P8[axis]; //32 bits is needed for calculation: 500*5*10*8 = 200000 16 bits is ok for result if P8>2 (P>0.2) error -= gyroData[axis]; PTerm = rcCommand[axis]; errorGyroI[axis] = constrain(errorGyroI[axis] + error, -16000, +16000); // WindUp // 16 bits is ok here if (abs(gyroData[axis]) > 640) errorGyroI[axis] = 0; ITerm = (errorGyroI[axis] / 125 * cfg.I8[axis]) >> 6; // 16 bits is ok here 16000/125 = 128 ; 128*250 = 32000 } PTerm -= (int32_t)gyroData[axis] * dynP8[axis] / 10 / 8; // 32 bits is needed for calculation delta = gyroData[axis] - lastGyro[axis]; //16 bits is ok here, the dif between 2 consecutive gyro reads is limited to 800 lastGyro[axis] = gyroData[axis]; deltaSum = delta1[axis] + delta2[axis] + delta; delta2[axis] = delta1[axis]; delta1[axis] = delta; DTerm = ((int32_t)deltaSum * dynD8[axis]) >> 5; //32 bits is needed for calculation axisPID[axis] = PTerm + ITerm - DTerm; } mixTable(); writeServos(); writeMotors(); }